Speleology

Discover the fascinating world of underground natural complexes and caves, intricately connected to terrestrial landscapes. Learn about the exchange of mineral and organic substances, as well as the vital role of karst water and air circulation. Delve into the study of these unique landscapes to unveil the evolution of modern natural complexes. Unravel the complex combination of morphological, climatic, hydrological, and biogeographical factors shaping underground geographical landscapes. […]

Discover the fascinating Maksimovich Cave located on the right bank of the Inzer River near the village of Kyzyl-Yar, Russia. With a total length of 1250 meters, this cave features both horizontal and vertical cavities, including the impressive Cosmonauts' Grotto measuring 50m in length, 10m in width, and 10m in height. Explore the unique geological formations such as calcite abscesses and cave pearls found in the Provalny grotto. Join us on an unforgettable journey into the depths of Maksimovich Cave! […]

Discover how stalagmites, the second large group of nalemic formations, are formed on the floor of karst caves and grow towards stalactites. Learn about the intriguing process where drops falling from the ceiling create conical-shaped holes that gradually fill with calcite, allowing stalagmites to grow upwards. Explore the varying sizes of stalagmites, from small formations to the world's largest stalagmite reaching an impressive height of 63.2 meters in Martin Cave (Cuba). […]

Discover the fascinating world of stalactites and delve into questions surrounding their structure, formation, and growth rate. Renowned researchers such as A. N. Churakov, N. M. Sherstyukov, G. A. Maksimovich, and J. K. Tintilozov have contributed valuable insights to this field. Stalactites, primarily composed of calcite, exhibit a variety of crystal shapes and unique characteristics when examined under a microscope. Join us on a journey to uncover the secrets hidden within these natural wonders. […]

Discover the wonders of the North Caucasus Speleological Province, a region encompassing three provinces within the Greater Caucasus. This area is home to a diverse range of karst caves, predominantly found in Jurassic gypsum and limestone formations. With 142 caves documented, including the impressive Butkova I cave stretching over 7000 meters, this province offers an exciting opportunity for cave exploration enthusiasts. Let's delve into the fascinating world of underground formations and uncover the hidden treasures of the North Caucasus. […]

What is the age of karst caves and what signs can be used to judge the beginning of cave formation? According to L.I. Maruashvili, the beginning of cave formation should be taken as the period of its transition to the natite-sedimentary (water-gallery) stage. Various methods of cave research are used to determine the age of caves, including paleozoological, archaeological, radiocarbon, and geomorphological methods. Unfortunately, many of these methods only allow for determining the upper limit of cave age. Direct and indirect data prove a very long existence of karst caves.

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Discover the intriguing world of caves and niches in the former Soviet Union, especially in mountainous areas. From wind-blown rock formations to lava flows and dynamic water activities, caves come in various origins and hold a wealth of natural wonders. Dive deeper into the science of speleology, the study of caves, which emerged at the intersection of geographical and geological sciences. Learn about the processes shaping caves, cave sediments, microclimate, hydrology, vegetation, fauna, and underground landscapes. Join us on a journey to unravel the mysteries of caves and their significance throughout history. […]

Discover the fascinating speleological landscape of the Trans-Asian country, encompassing the Armenian Highlands, Turkmen-Khorasan mountains, and Paro-Pamiz. Dive into the exploration of the Nagorno-Armenian and Turkmen-Khorasan regions, home to remarkable caves like Dashkali and Kilit. Uncover the mysteries of these underground formations, their unique geological characteristics, and the rich history they hold within their depths. […]

Discover the beauty of Bolshaya Kurmanaevskaya cave, located in the eastern outskirts of the village of Kurmanaevo, just 60 km south of Ufa, Russia. Formed in gypsum of the Lower Permian, this corridor-type cave features small grottoes connected by narrow passages, with a total length exceeding 500m. Experience small lakes, cool temperatures, and learn about other karst caves in the Middle Volga province. […]

Discover the wonders of the Sumganskaya cave, the largest in the Urals, located on the western slope of the Kibiz Ridge. This complex labyrinth of galleries and grottoes offers a unique underground experience, with two levels connected by deep wells and an underground river. Learn about the cave's impressive formations and peculiar temperature regime that adds to its mystique. Explore the depths of this hidden gem and unlock the secrets of the underground world. […]